{"id":29828,"date":"2026-03-09T20:43:00","date_gmt":"2026-03-09T12:43:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/blog.weifeir.com\/?p=29828"},"modified":"2026-03-09T20:43:02","modified_gmt":"2026-03-09T12:43:02","slug":"%e7%be%8e%e5%9b%bd%e5%8f%b2%e7%a0%94%e7%a9%b6%e7%9b%b8%e5%85%b3%e8%b5%84%e6%96%99","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/blog.weifeir.com\/?p=29828","title":{"rendered":"\u7f8e\u56fd\u53f2\u7814\u7a76\u76f8\u5173\u8d44\u6599"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p><strong>\u4e00\u3001\u653f\u6cbb\u4e0e\u6cd5\u5f8b\u7814\u7a76<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u6c49\u5bc6\u5c14\u987f\uff0c\u6770\u4f0a\uff0c\u9ea6\u8fea\u900a\uff0c\u7b49\u3002\u8054\u90a6\u515a\u4eba\u6587\u96c6 [M]. \u5317\u4eac\uff1a\u5546\u52a1\u5370\u4e66\u9986.1980<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u6bd4\u5c14\u5fb7\uff08Beard\uff0cC.A.\uff09, \u6731\u66fe\u6c76\u3002\u7f8e\u56fd\u653f\u5e9c\u4e0e\u653f\u6cbb [M]. \u5317\u4eac\uff1a\u5546\u52a1\u5370\u4e66\u9986.1987<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u6885\u91cc\u4e9a\u59c6\u3002\u7f8e\u56fd\u653f\u6cbb\u601d\u60f3 [M]. \u5317\u4eac\uff1a\u5546\u52a1\u5370\u4e66\u9986.1988<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>M\u30fbJ\u30fbC\u30fb\u7ef4\u5c14\uff08Vile\uff0cM.J.C.\uff09, \u738b\u5408\u3002\u7f8e\u56fd\u653f\u6cbb [M]. \u5317\u4eac\uff1a\u5546\u52a1\u5370\u4e66\u9986.1981<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u65bd\u74e6\u8328\uff0c\u738b\u519b\u3002\u7f8e\u56fd\u6cd5\u5f8b\u53f2 [M]. \u5317\u4eac\uff1a\u4e2d\u56fd\u653f\u6cd5\u5927\u5b66\u51fa\u7248\u793e.1989<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u4f2f\u7eb3\u5fb7\u30fb\u65bd\u74e6\u8328\u3002\u7f8e\u56fd\u6cd5\u5f8b\u53f2 [M]. \u5317\u4eac\uff1a\u6cd5\u5f8b\u51fa\u7248\u793e.2011<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u674e\u9053\u63c6\u3002\u7f8e\u56fd\u653f\u5e9c\u673a\u6784\u4e0e\u4eba\u4e8b\u5236\u5ea6 [M]. \u5317\u4eac\uff1a\u4eba\u6c11\u51fa\u7248\u793e.1985<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u674e\u9053\u63c6\u3002\u7f8e\u56fd\u653f\u5e9c\u548c\u7f8e\u56fd\u653f\u6cbb [M]. \u5317\u4eac\uff1a\u4e2d\u56fd\u793e\u4f1a\u79d1\u5b66\u51fa\u7248\u793e.1990<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u66f9\u7ecd\u6fc2\u3002\u7f8e\u56fd\u653f\u6cbb\u5236\u5ea6\u53f2 [M]. \u5170\u5dde\uff1a\u7518\u8083\u4eba\u6c11\u51fa\u7248\u793e.1982<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u5f20\u5b9a\u6cb3\u3002\u7f8e\u56fd\u653f\u6cbb\u5236\u5ea6\u7684\u8d77\u6e90\u4e0e\u6f14\u53d8 [M]. \u5317\u4eac\uff1a\u4e2d\u56fd\u793e\u4f1a\u79d1\u5b66\u51fa\u7248\u793e.1998<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u4efb\u4e1c\u6765\uff0c\u9648\u4f1f\uff0c\u767d\u96ea\u5cf0\u3002\u7f8e\u56fd\u5baa\u653f\u5386\u7a0b\uff1a\u5f71\u54cd\u7f8e\u56fd\u7684 25 \u4e2a\u53f8\u6cd5\u5927\u6848 [M]. \u5317\u4eac\uff1a\u4e2d\u56fd\u6cd5\u5236\u51fa\u7248\u793e.2004<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u738b\u540d\u626c\u3002\u7f8e\u56fd\u884c\u653f\u6cd5 [M]. \u5317\u4eac\uff1a\u4e2d\u56fd\u6cd5\u5236\u51fa\u7248\u793e.1995<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u535e\u5efa\u6797\u3002\u7f8e\u56fd\u8054\u90a6\u5211\u4e8b\u8bc9\u8bbc\u89c4\u5219\u548c\u8bc1\u636e\u89c4\u5219 [M]. \u5317\u4eac\uff1a\u4e2d\u56fd\u653f\u6cd5\u5927\u5b66\u51fa\u7248\u793e.1996<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u4f55\u5bb6\u5f18\u3002\u5f53\u4ee3\u7f8e\u56fd\u6cd5\u5f8b [M]. \u5317\u4eac\uff1a\u793e\u4f1a\u79d1\u5b66\u6587\u732e\u51fa\u7248\u793e.2001<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u674e\u660e\u5fb7\u3002\u7f8e\u56fd\u77e5\u8bc6\u4ea7\u6743\u6cd5 [M]. \u5317\u4eac\uff1a\u6cd5\u5f8b\u51fa\u7248\u793e.2003<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u82cf\u53f7\u670b\u3002\u7f8e\u56fd\u5546\u6cd5 \u5236\u5ea6\u3001\u5224\u4f8b\u4e0e\u95ee\u9898 [M]. \u5317\u4eac\uff1a\u4e2d\u56fd\u6cd5\u5236\u51fa\u7248\u793e.2000<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u5218\u58eb\u5fc3\u3002\u7f8e\u56fd\u5211\u6cd5\u5404\u8bba\u539f\u7406 [M]. \u5317\u4eac\uff1a\u4eba\u6c11\u51fa\u7248\u793e.2015<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u6c49\u5bc6\u5c14\u987f\uff0c\u4e25\u6b23\u6dc7\u3002\u7f8e\u56fd\u5baa\u6cd5\u539f\u7406 [M]. \u5317\u4eac\uff1a\u4e2d\u56fd\u6cd5\u5236\u51fa\u7248\u793e.2005<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u7ea6\u7ff0\u30fb\u6cd5\u6bd4\u5b89\u30fb\u7ef4\u7279\uff0c\u7530\u96f7\u3002\u4e8b\u6545\u5171\u548c\u56fd \u6b8b\u75be\u7684\u5de5\u4eba\u8d2b\u7a77\u7684\u5be1\u5987\u4e0e\u7f8e\u56fd\u6cd5\u7684\u91cd\u6784 [M]. \u4e0a\u6d77\uff1a\u4e0a\u6d77\u4e09\u8054\u4e66\u5e97.2008<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u5f20\u8f89\u3002\u7f8e\u56fd\u73af\u5883\u6cd5\u7814\u7a76 [M]. \u5317\u4eac\uff1a\u4e2d\u56fd\u6c11\u4e3b\u6cd5\u5236\u51fa\u7248\u793e.2015<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u9648\u5176\u4eba\uff0c\u738b\u90a6\u4f50\u3002\u7f8e\u56fd\u4e24\u515a\u5236\u5256\u6790 [M]. \u5317\u4eac\uff1a\u5546\u52a1\u5370\u4e66\u9986.1984<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u5f20\u7acb\u5e73\u3002\u7f8e\u56fd\u653f\u515a\u4e0e\u9009\u4e3e\u653f\u6cbb [M]. \u5317\u4eac\uff1a\u4e2d\u56fd\u793e\u4f1a\u79d1\u5b66\u51fa\u7248\u793e.2002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u8c2d\u878d\u3002\u7f8e\u56fd\u5229\u76ca\u96c6\u56e2\u653f\u6cbb\u7814\u7a76 [M]. \u5317\u4eac\uff1a\u4e2d\u56fd\u793e\u4f1a\u79d1\u5b66\u51fa\u7248\u793e.2002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u5b59\u5927\u96c4\u3002\u5baa\u653f\u4f53\u5236\u4e0b\u7684\u7b2c\u4e09\u79cd\u5206\u6743 \u5229\u76ca\u96c6\u56e2\u5bf9\u7f8e\u56fd\u653f\u5e9c\u51b3\u7b56\u7684\u5f71\u54cd [M]. \u5317\u4eac\uff1a\u4e2d\u56fd\u793e\u4f1a\u79d1\u5b66\u51fa\u7248\u793e.2004<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u7f57\u4f2f\u7279\u30fb\u8fbe\u5c14\uff08Robert A. Dahl\uff09, \u8c2d\u541b\u4e45\uff0c\u5218\u60e0\u8363\u3002\u591a\u5934\u653f\u4f53 \u53c2\u4e0e\u548c\u53cd\u5bf9 [M]. \u5317\u4eac\uff1a\u5546\u52a1\u5370\u4e66\u9986.2003<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u6234\u4f0a\uff08T.R.Dye\uff09. \u8c01\u638c\u7ba1\u7f8e\u56fd [M]. \u5317\u4eac\uff1a\u4e16\u754c\u77e5\u8bc6\u51fa\u7248\u793e.1984<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u6234\u4e00\uff08Dye T.R.\uff09, \u9f50\u683c\u52d2\uff08Zeigler H.\uff09, \u5b59\u5360\u5e73\u3002\u6c11\u4e3b\u7684\u5632\u8bbd [M]. \u5317\u4eac\uff1a\u4e16\u754c\u77e5\u8bc6\u51fa\u7248\u793e.1991<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u5e0c\u5c14\u65af\u66fc\uff0c\u66f9\u5927\u9e4f\u3002\u7f8e\u56fd\u662f\u5982\u4f55\u6cbb\u7406\u7684 [M]. \u5317\u4eac\uff1a\u5546\u52a1\u5370\u4e66\u9986.1986<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>R\u30fb\u5e0c\u5c14\u65af\u66fc\uff08Hilsman\uff0cR.\uff09, \u66f9\u5927\u9e4f\u3002\u7f8e\u56fd\u662f\u5982\u4f55\u6cbb\u7406\u7684 [M]. \u5317\u4eac\uff1a\u5546\u52a1\u5370\u4e66\u9986.1986<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u9ad8\u65b0\u519b\u3002\u7f8e\u56fd\u5730\u65b9\u653f\u5e9c\u6cbb\u7406\u6848\u4f8b\u8c03\u67e5\u4e0e\u5236\u5ea6\u7814\u7a76 [M]. \u897f\u5b89\uff1a\u897f\u5317\u5927\u5b66\u51fa\u7248\u793e.2005<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u4fde\u53ef\u5e73\uff0c\u8c2d\u541b\u4e45\u3002\u5f53\u4ee3\u5404\u56fd\u653f\u6cbb\u4f53\u5236 \u7f8e\u56fd [M]. \u5170\u5dde\uff1a\u5170\u5dde\u5927\u5b66\u51fa\u7248\u793e.1998<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u9ea6\u514b\u65af\u30fbJ. \u65af\u57fa\u5fb7\u6469\uff0c\u9a6c\u6b47\u5c14\u30fb\u5361\u7279\u30fb\u7279\u91cc\u666e\uff0c\u5f20\u5e06\uff0c\u7b49\u3002\u7f8e\u56fd\u653f\u5e9c\u7b80\u4ecb [M]. \u5317\u4eac\uff1a\u4e2d\u56fd\u7ecf\u6d4e\u51fa\u7248\u793e.1998<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u5218\u6770\u3002\u5f53\u4ee3\u7f8e\u56fd\u653f\u6cbb [M]. \u5317\u4eac\uff1a\u793e\u4f1a\u79d1\u5b66\u6587\u732e\u51fa\u7248\u793e.2001<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u672c\u53c2\u8003\u4e66\u76ee\u4fe1\u606f\u7531\u963f\u86ee\uff08\u5fae\u4fe1xie190205\uff09\u641c\u96c6\u6574\u7406\u3002\u5982\u679c\u60a8\u770b\u5230\u8fd9\u6761\u4fe1\u606f\uff0c\u8868\u793a\u5bf9\u65b9\u672a\u7ecf\u5141\u8bb8\u5c31\u968f\u610f\u8f6c\u8f7d\uff0c\u5f88\u53ef\u803b\uff01<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u6258\u514b\u7ef4\u5c14\uff08Tocqueville O.de\uff09, \u8463\u679c\u826f\u3002\u8bba\u7f8e\u56fd\u7684\u6c11\u4e3b [M]. \u5317\u4eac\uff1a\u5546\u52a1\u5370\u4e66\u9986.1988<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u57fa\u601d\u30fb\u798f\u514b\u65af\uff0c\u90ed\u5fe0\u534e\u3002\u516c\u6c11\u8eab\u4efd [M]. \u957f\u6625\uff1a\u5409\u6797\u51fa\u7248\u96c6\u56e2\u6709\u9650\u8d23\u4efb\u516c\u53f8.2009<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u51ef\u5c14\u66fc\uff08Kelman,S.\uff09, \u5546\u6b63\u3002\u5236\u5b9a\u516c\u5171\u653f\u7b56 \u7f8e\u56fd\u653f\u5e9c\u7684\u4e50\u89c2\u524d\u666f [M]. \u5317\u4eac\uff1a\u5546\u52a1\u5370\u4e66\u9986.1990<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>\u4e8c\u3001\u7ecf\u6d4e\u7814\u7a76<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u674e\u4e16\u5b89\u3002\u4e00\u53ea\u770b\u5f97\u89c1\u7684\u624b \u7f8e\u56fd\u653f\u5e9c\u5bf9\u56fd\u5bb6\u7ecf\u6d4e\u7684\u5e72\u9884 [M]. \u5317\u4eac\uff1a\u5f53\u4ee3\u4e2d\u56fd\u51fa\u7248\u793e.1996<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u80e1\u56fd\u6210\u3002\u5851\u9020\u7f8e\u56fd\u73b0\u4ee3\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5236\u5ea6\u4e4b\u8def \u7f8e\u56fd\u56fd\u5bb6\u5784\u65ad\u8d44\u672c\u4e3b\u4e49\u5236\u5ea6\u7684\u5f62\u6210 [M]. \u5317\u4eac\uff1a\u4e2d\u56fd\u7ecf\u6d4e\u51fa\u7248\u793e.1995<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u8bfa\u601d\uff0c\u9648\u6615\uff0c\u9648\u90c1\u3002\u7ecf\u6d4e\u53f2\u4e2d\u7684\u7ed3\u6784\u4e0e\u53d8\u8fc1 [M]. \u4e0a\u6d77\uff1a\u4e0a\u6d77\u4eba\u6c11\u51fa\u7248\u793e.1994<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u83f2\u7279\uff08G.C.Fite\uff09, \u91cc\u65af\uff08J.E.Reese\uff09, \u53f8\u5f92\u6df3\uff0c\u7b49\u3002\u7f8e\u56fd\u7ecf\u6d4e\u53f2 [M]. \u6c88\u9633\uff1a\u8fbd\u5b81\u4eba\u6c11\u51fa\u7248\u793e.1981<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u9648\u5b9d\u68ee\u3002\u7f8e\u56fd\u7ecf\u6d4e\u4e0e\u653f\u5e9c\u653f\u7b56 \u4ece\u7f57\u65af\u798f\u5230\u91cc\u6839 [M]. \u5317\u4eac\uff1a\u4e16\u754c\u77e5\u8bc6\u51fa\u7248\u793e.1988<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u9648\u5b9d\u68ee\uff0c\u90d1\u4f1f\u6c11\uff0c\u859b\u656c\u5b5d\uff0c\u7b49\u3002\u7f8e\u56fd\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5468\u671f\u7814\u7a76 [M]. \u5317\u4eac\uff1a\u5546\u52a1\u5370\u4e66\u9986.1993<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u4e0a\u6d77\u56fd\u9645\u95ee\u9898\u7814\u7a76\u6240\u3002\u73b0\u4ee3\u7f8e\u56fd\u7ecf\u6d4e\u95ee\u9898\u7b80\u8bba [M]. \u4e0a\u6d77\uff1a\u4e0a\u6d77\u4eba\u6c11\u51fa\u7248\u793e.1981<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u7f57\u4f2f\u7279\u30fbD. \u963f\u7279\u91d1\u68ee\uff08Robert D.Atkinson\uff09, \u62c9\u8bfa\u592b\u30fbH. \u79d1\u5c14\u7279\uff08Ranolph H.Court\uff09, \u7126\u745e\u8fdb\uff0c\u7b49\u3002\u7f8e\u56fd\u65b0\u7ecf\u6d4e \u8054\u90a6\u4e0e\u5dde [M]. \u5317\u4eac\uff1a\u4eba\u6c11\u51fa\u7248\u793e.2000<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u5b8b\u7389\u534e\u3002\u7f8e\u56fd\u65b0\u7ecf\u6d4e\u7814\u7a76 \u7ecf\u6d4e\u8303\u5f0f\u8f6c\u578b\u4e0e\u5236\u5ea6\u6f14\u5316 [M]. \u5317\u4eac\uff1a\u4eba\u6c11\u51fa\u7248\u793e.2002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u674e\u65e9\u822a\uff0c\u5cb3\u7559\u660c\u3002\u89e3\u8bfb\u7f8e\u56fd\u7ecf\u6d4e\u6307\u6807 [M]. \u5317\u4eac\uff1a\u4e2d\u56fd\u7ecf\u6d4e\u51fa\u7248\u793e.2003<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u9648\u7ee7\u52c7\u3002\u4e8c\u5341\u4e00\u4e16\u7eaa\u521d\u7684\u7f8e\u56fd\u7ecf\u6d4e [M]. \u5317\u4eac\uff1a\u4e2d\u56fd\u7ecf\u6d4e\u51fa\u7248\u793e.2003<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u5f20\u5b87\u71d5\u3002\u7f8e\u56fd\u7ecf\u6d4e\u8bba\u96c6 [M]. \u676d\u5dde\uff1a\u6d59\u6c5f\u5927\u5b66\u51fa\u7248\u793e.2008<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u6f58\u9510\u3002\u7f8e\u56fd\u56fd\u9645\u7ecf\u6d4e\u653f\u7b56\u7814\u7a76 [M]. \u4e0a\u6d77\uff1a\u4e0a\u6d77\u4eba\u6c11\u51fa\u7248\u793e.2013<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u5f20\u9686\u9ad8\uff0c\u5f20\u6656\uff0c\u5f20\u519c\u3002\u7f8e\u56fd\u4f01\u4e1a\u53f2 [M]. \u6c88\u9633\uff1a\u4e1c\u5317\u8d22\u7ecf\u5927\u5b66\u51fa\u7248\u793e.2005<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u738b\u9526\u746d\uff0c\u949f\u6587\u8303\uff0c\u674e\u4e16\u6d1e\u3002\u7f8e\u56fd\u73b0\u4ee3\u5927\u4f01\u4e1a\u4e0e\u7f8e\u56fd\u793e\u4f1a [M]. \u6b66\u6c49\uff1a\u6b66\u6c49\u5927\u5b66\u51fa\u7248\u793e.1995<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u97e9\u6bc5\u3002\u7f8e\u56fd\u5de5\u4e1a\u73b0\u4ee3\u5316\u7684\u5386\u53f2\u8fdb\u7a0b 1607-1988 [M]. \u5317\u4eac\uff1a\u7ecf\u6d4e\u79d1\u5b66\u51fa\u7248\u793e.2007<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u674e\u5e86\u4f59\uff0c\u5468\u6842\u94f6\u3002\u7f8e\u56fd\u73b0\u4ee3\u5316\u9053\u8def [M]. \u5317\u4eac\uff1a\u4eba\u6c11\u51fa\u7248\u793e.1994<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u4ea8\u5229\u30fb\u4e54\u6cbb\u3002\u8fdb\u6b65\u4e0e\u8d2b\u56f0 [M]. \u5317\u4eac\uff1a\u5546\u52a1\u5370\u4e66\u9986.2010<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u672c\u53c2\u8003\u4e66\u76ee\u4fe1\u606f\u7531\u963f\u86ee\uff08\u5fae\u4fe1xie190205\uff09\u641c\u96c6\u6574\u7406\u3002\u5982\u679c\u60a8\u770b\u5230\u8fd9\u6761\u4fe1\u606f\uff0c\u8868\u793a\u5bf9\u65b9\u672a\u7ecf\u5141\u8bb8\u5c31\u968f\u610f\u8f6c\u8f7d\uff0c\u5f88\u53ef\u803b\uff01<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>\u4e09\u3001\u793e\u4f1a\u7814\u7a76<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>C. \u83b1\u7279\u30fb\u7c73\u5c14\u65af\u3002\u767d\u9886 \u7f8e\u56fd\u7684\u4e2d\u4ea7\u9636\u7ea7 [M]<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u79e6\u8a00\u3002\u4e2d\u56fd\u4e2d\u4ea7\u9636\u7ea7 \u672a\u6765\u793e\u4f1a\u7ed3\u6784\u7684\u4e3b\u6d41 [M]. \u5317\u4eac\uff1a\u4e2d\u56fd\u8ba1\u5212\u51fa\u7248\u793e.1999<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u5362\u745f\u30fbS\u30fb\u5229\u5fb7\u57fa\uff0c\u9f99\u6cbb\u82b3\u3002\u7f8e\u56fd\u7279\u6027\u63a2\u7d22 \u793e\u4f1a\u548c\u6587\u5316 [M]. \u5317\u4eac\uff1a\u4e2d\u56fd\u793e\u4f1a\u79d1\u5b66\u51fa\u7248\u793e.1991<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u9b4f\u7ae0\u73b2\u3002\u793e\u4f1a\u5b66\u4e0e\u7f8e\u56fd\u793e\u4f1a [M]. \u6c88\u9633\uff1a\u8fbd\u5b81\u4eba\u6c11\u51fa\u7248\u793e.1986<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u65af\u5361\u76ae\u8482\uff08Scarpitti\uff0cF.R.\uff09, \u5218\u6cf0\u661f\uff0c\u5f20\u4e16\u704f\u3002\u7f8e\u56fd\u793e\u4f1a\u95ee\u9898 [M]. \u5317\u4eac\uff1a\u4e2d\u56fd\u793e\u4f1a\u79d1\u5b66\u51fa\u7248\u793e.1986<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u67e5\u5c14\u65af\u30fb\u5fb7\u4f2f\uff08Charles Derber\uff09, \u4f55\u6c5f\u80dc\uff0c\u4f55\u70e8\uff0c\u7b49\u3002\u75af\u72c2\u7684\u7f8e\u56fd \u8d2a\u5a6a\u3001\u66b4\u529b\u3001\u65b0\u7684\u7f8e\u56fd \u7b2c 2 \u7248 [M]. \u5317\u4eac\uff1a\u793e\u4f1a\u79d1\u5b66\u6587\u732e\u51fa\u7248\u793e.2005<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u6258\u5c3c\u30fb\u535a\u8428\uff08V.Bouza\uff09, \u8d75\u6587\u4e66\uff0c\u5f20\u9521\u9e9f\u3002\u7f8e\u5229\u575a\u5e1d\u56fd\u7684\u8870\u843d \u8150\u8d25\u3001\u5815\u843d\u548c\u7f8e\u56fd\u68a6 [M]. \u5357\u4eac\uff1a\u6c5f\u82cf\u4eba\u6c11\u51fa\u7248\u793e.1998<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u4e2d\u56fd\u7f8e\u56fd\u53f2\u7814\u7a76\u4f1a\uff0c\u6c5f\u897f\u7f8e\u56fd\u53f2\u7814\u7a76\u4e2d\u5fc3\u3002\u5974\u5f79\u4e0e\u81ea\u7531\uff1a\u7f8e\u56fd\u7684\u6096\u8bba \u7f8e\u56fd\u5386\u53f2\u5b66\u5bb6\u7ec4\u7ec7\u4e3b\u5e2d\u6f14\u8bf4\u96c6 1961-1990 [M]. \u8d35\u9633\uff1a\u8d35\u5dde\u4eba\u6c11\u51fa\u7248\u793e.1993<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u5f20\u53cb\u4f26\uff0c\u8096\u519b\uff0c\u5f20\u806a\u3002\u7f8e\u56fd\u793e\u4f1a\u7684\u6096\u8bba \u6c11\u4e3b\u3001\u5e73\u7b49\u4e0e\u6027\u522b\u3001\u79cd\u65cf\u6b67\u89c6 [M]. \u5317\u4eac\uff1a\u4e2d\u56fd\u793e\u4f1a\u79d1\u5b66\u51fa\u7248\u793e.1999<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u9648\u6055\u7965\u3002\u7f8e\u56fd\u8d2b\u56f0\u95ee\u9898\u7814\u7a76 [M]. \u6b66\u6c49\uff1a\u6b66\u6c49\u5927\u5b66\u51fa\u7248\u793e.2000<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u59ec\u8679\u3002\u5f53\u4ee3\u7f8e\u56fd\u793e\u4f1a \u65b0\u7248 [M]. \u5317\u4eac\uff1a\u793e\u4f1a\u79d1\u5b66\u6587\u732e\u51fa\u7248\u793e.2012<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Douglas K.Stevenson, \u5415\u4f69\u82f1\uff0c\u738b\u6069\u94ed\u3002\u7f8e\u56fd\u4eba\u6c11\u751f\u6d3b\u4e0e\u793e\u4f1a\u6982\u8c8c [M]. \u4e0a\u6d77\uff1a\u4e0a\u6d77\u5916\u8bed\u6559\u80b2\u51fa\u7248\u793e.2003<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u9ece\u5e3c\u534e\u3002\u7f8e\u56fd\u798f\u5229 [M]. \u5408\u80a5\uff1a\u4e2d\u56fd\u79d1\u5b66\u6280\u672f\u5927\u5b66\u51fa\u7248\u793e.2002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u590f\u541f\u5170\u3002\u7f8e\u56fd\u73b0\u4ee3\u5a5a\u59fb\u5bb6\u5ead\u5236\u5ea6 [M]. \u5317\u4eac\uff1a\u4e2d\u56fd\u653f\u6cd5\u5927\u5b66\u51fa\u7248\u793e.1999<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u9093\u8700\u751f\u3002\u7f8e\u56fd\u4e0e\u79fb\u6c11 \u5386\u53f2\u3001\u73b0\u5b9e\u3001\u672a\u6765 [M]. \u91cd\u5e86\uff1a\u91cd\u5e86\u51fa\u7248\u793e.1990<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u7fc1\u5fb7\u4fee\uff0c\u90fd\u5c9a\u5c9a\u3002\u7f8e\u56fd\u9ed1\u4eba\u5973\u6027\u6587\u5b66 [M]. \u957f\u6625\uff1a\u5409\u6797\u5927\u5b66\u51fa\u7248\u793e.2000<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u738b\u6ce2\u3002\u80af\u5c3c\u8fea\u603b\u7edf\u7684\u9ed1\u4eba\u6c11\u6743\u653f\u7b56\u7814\u7a76 [M]. \u4e0a\u6d77\uff1a\u4e0a\u6d77\u4eba\u6c11\u51fa\u7248\u793e.2002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u6881\u8302\u4fe1\u3002\u7f8e\u56fd\u4eba\u624d\u5438\u5f15\u6218\u7565\u4e0e\u653f\u7b56\u53f2\u7814\u7a76 [M]. \u5317\u4eac\uff1a\u4e2d\u56fd\u793e\u4f1a\u79d1\u5b66\u51fa\u7248\u793e.2015<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>\u56db\u3001\u6587\u5316\u7814\u7a76<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u94b1\u6ee1\u7d20\u3002\u7f8e\u56fd\u81ea\u7531\u4e3b\u4e49\u7684\u5386\u53f2\u53d8\u8fc1 [M]. \u5317\u4eac\uff1a\u751f\u6d3b\u30fb\u8bfb\u4e66\u30fb\u65b0\u77e5\u4e09\u8054\u4e66\u5e97.2006<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u94b1\u6ee1\u7d20\u3002\u7f8e\u56fd\u6587\u660e [M]. \u5317\u4eac\uff1a\u4e2d\u56fd\u793e\u4f1a\u79d1\u5b66\u51fa\u7248\u793e.2001<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u65bd\u8881\u559c\u3002\u7f8e\u56fd\u6587\u5316\u7b80\u53f2 [M]. 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\u536b\u666f\u5b9c\u3002\u7f8e\u56fd\u6587\u5316\u6a21\u5f0f \u8de8\u6587\u5316\u89c6\u91ce\u4e2d\u7684\u5206\u6790 [M]. \u5929\u6d25\uff1a\u767e\u82b1\u6587\u827a\u51fa\u7248\u793e.2000<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u5eb7\u9a6c\u6770\uff0c\u6768\u9759\u4e88\u3002\u7f8e\u56fd\u7cbe\u795e [M]. \u5317\u4eac\uff1a\u5149\u660e\u65e5\u62a5\u51fa\u7248\u793e.1988<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u5b59\u6709\u4e2d\u3002\u7f8e\u56fd\u7cbe\u795e\u7684\u8c61\u5f81 \u675c\u5a01\u793e\u4f1a\u601d\u60f3\u7814\u7a76 [M]. \u4e0a\u6d77\uff1a\u4e0a\u6d77\u4eba\u6c11\u51fa\u7248\u793e.2002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u8463\u5c0f\u5ddd\u3002\u7f8e\u56fd\u6587\u5316\u6982\u8bba [M]. \u5317\u4eac\uff1a\u4eba\u6c11\u51fa\u7248\u793e.2006<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>J.D. \u4ea8\u7279\uff0c\u5b89\u837b\u3002\u6587\u5316\u6218\u4e89 \u5b9a\u4e49\u7f8e\u56fd\u7684\u4e00\u573a\u594b\u6597 [M]. \u5317\u4eac\uff1a\u4e2d\u56fd\u793e\u4f1a\u79d1\u5b66\u51fa\u7248\u793e.2000<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u845b\u6ee8.\u201c\u7f8e\u56fd\u68a6\u201d \u4e4b\u8c1c 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Koehn\uff09, \u5c39\u6653\u714c\uff08Xiao-Huang Yin\uff09, \u4f59\u5b81\u5e73\u3002\u7f8e\u7c4d\u534e\u4eba\u4e0e\u4e2d\u7f8e\u5173\u7cfb [M]. \u5317\u4eac\uff1a\u65b0\u534e\u51fa\u7248\u793e.2004<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u82cf\u987a\u5f3a\u3002\u6d77\u660e\u5a01\u5c0f\u8bf4\u7814\u7a76 [M]. \u6b66\u6c49\uff1a\u957f\u6c5f\u6587\u827a\u51fa\u7248\u793e.2006<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u5415\u5e86\u5e7f\u3002\u6218\u540e\u7f8e\u56fd\u5de6\u7ffc\u653f\u6cbb\u6587\u5316 \u5386\u53f2\u3001\u7406\u8bba\u4e0e\u5b9e\u8df5 [M]. \u5317\u4eac\uff1a\u793e\u4f1a\u79d1\u5b66\u6587\u732e\u51fa\u7248\u793e.2015<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u672c\u53c2\u8003\u4e66\u76ee\u4fe1\u606f\u7531\u963f\u86ee\uff08\u5fae\u4fe1xie190205\uff09\u641c\u96c6\u6574\u7406\u3002\u5982\u679c\u60a8\u770b\u5230\u8fd9\u6761\u4fe1\u606f\uff0c\u8868\u793a\u5bf9\u65b9\u672a\u7ecf\u5141\u8bb8\u5c31\u968f\u610f\u8f6c\u8f7d\uff0c\u5f88\u53ef\u803b\uff01<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>J. \u827e\u6377\u5c14\uff08Jerome Agel\uff09,J. \u5361\u5c14\u987f\uff0c\u8d75\u4e00\u51e1\uff0c\u7b49\u3002\u7f8e\u56fd\u8d56\u4ee5\u7acb\u56fd\u7684\u6587\u672c \u7167\u4eae\u4e86\u7f8e\u5229\u575a\u6c11\u65cf\u5386\u53f2\u4e0e\u6027\u683c\u7684\u6587\u732e\u6c47\u7f16 [M]. \u6d77\u53e3\uff1a\u6d77\u5357\u51fa\u7248\u793e.2000<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u5362\u6c49\u5ddd\uff0c\u8881\u9896\u3002\u900f\u89c6\u7f8e\u56fd [M]. \u5317\u4eac\uff1a\u4e2d\u56fd\u7269\u8d44\u51fa\u7248\u793e.1998<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u80e1\u56fd\u6210\u3002\u900f\u89c6\u7f8e\u56fd \u8fd1\u5e74\u6765\u4e2d\u56fd\u7684\u7f8e\u56fd\u7814\u7a76 [M]. \u5317\u4eac\uff1a\u4e2d\u56fd\u793e\u4f1a\u79d1\u5b66\u51fa\u7248\u793e.2002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u6e29\u660e\u6625\u3002\u659c\u773c\u770b\u7f8e\u56fd [M]. \u5317\u4eac\uff1a\u4e2d\u56fd\u6587\u8054\u51fa\u7248\u793e.2002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u5218\u5f00\u5bb8\uff0c\u5218\u5176\u7535\u3002\u8d70\u8fdb\u7f8e\u56fd [M]. \u5317\u4eac\uff1a\u4e2d\u56fd\u9752\u5e74\u51fa\u7248\u793e.2002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u6797\u8fbe\u3002\u6211\u4e5f\u6709\u4e00\u4e2a\u68a6\u60f3 \u8fd1\u8ddd\u79bb\u770b\u7f8e\u56fd\u4e4b\u4e09 [M]. \u5317\u4eac\uff1a\u751f\u6d3b\u30fb\u8bfb\u4e66\u30fb\u65b0\u77e5\u4e09\u8054\u4e66\u5e97.1999<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>\u4e94\u3001\u5386\u53f2\u7814\u7a76<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u4f59\u5fd7\u68ee\u3002\u7f8e\u56fd\u53f2\u7eb2 \u2014\u2014 \u4ece\u6b96\u6c11\u5730\u5230\u8d85\u7ea7\u5927\u56fd [M]. \u4e0a\u6d77\uff1a\u534e\u4e1c\u5e08\u8303\u5927\u5b66\u51fa\u7248\u793e.1992<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u9ec4\u7ecd\u6e58\u3002\u7f8e\u56fd\u53f2\u7eb2 1492-1823 [M]. \u91cd\u5e86\uff1a\u91cd\u5e86\u51fa\u7248\u793e.1987<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u83ab\u9c81\u74e6\u3002\u7f8e\u56fd\u53f2 \u4ece\u5a01\u5c14\u900a\u5230\u80af\u5c3c\u8fea [M]. \u5317\u4eac\uff1a\u4eba\u6c11\u51fa\u7248\u793e.1977<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u963f\u745f\u30fb\u6797\u514b\uff0c\u5a01\u5ec9\u30fb\u5361\u987f\uff0c\u5218\u7eea\u8d3b\uff0c\u7b49.1900 \u5e74\u4ee5\u6765\u7684\u7f8e\u56fd\u53f2 \u4e0b [M]. \u5317\u4eac\uff1a\u4e2d\u56fd\u793e\u4f1a\u79d1\u5b66\u51fa\u7248\u793e.1983<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u963f\u745f\u30fb\u6797\u514b\uff0c\u5a01\u5ec9\u30fb\u5361\u987f.1900 \u5e74\u4ee5\u6765\u7684\u7f8e\u56fd\u53f2 \u4e0a [M]. \u5317\u4eac\uff1a\u4e2d\u56fd\u793e\u4f1a\u79d1\u5b66\u51fa\u7248\u793e.1983<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u5218\u7eea\u8d3b\uff0c\u6768\u751f\u8302\u3002\u6218\u540e\u7f8e\u56fd\u53f2 1945-1986 [M]. \u5317\u4eac\uff1a\u4eba\u6c11\u51fa\u7248\u793e.1989<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u6768\u751f\u8302\uff0c\u9646\u955c\u751f\u3002\u7f8e\u56fd\u53f2\u65b0\u7f16 [M]. \u5317\u4eac\uff1a\u4e2d\u56fd\u4eba\u6c11\u5927\u5b66\u51fa\u7248\u793e.1990<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u6768\u751f\u8302\uff0c\u51af\u627f\u67cf\uff0c\u674e\u5143\u826f\u3002\u7f8e\u897f\u6218\u4e89\u8d44\u6599\u9009\u8f91 [M]. \u4e0a\u6d77\uff1a\u4e0a\u6d77\u4eba\u6c11\u51fa\u7248\u793e.1981<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u6768\u751f\u8302\u3002\u7f8e\u56fd\u5916\u4ea4\u653f\u7b56\u53f2 1775-1989 [M]. \u5317\u4eac\uff1a\u4eba\u6c11\u51fa\u7248\u793e.1991<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u8d44\u4e2d\u7b60\u3002\u4e8c\u5341\u4e16\u7eaa\u7684\u7f8e\u56fd [M]. \u5317\u4eac\uff1a\u751f\u6d3b\u30fb\u8bfb\u4e66\u30fb\u65b0\u77e5\u4e09\u8054\u4e66\u5e97.2007<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u8d44\u4e2d\u7b60\u3002\u6218\u540e\u7f8e\u56fd\u5916\u4ea4\u53f2 \u4ece\u675c\u9c81\u95e8\u5230\u91cc\u6839 [M]. \u5317\u4eac\uff1a\u4e16\u754c\u77e5\u8bc6\u51fa\u7248\u793e.1994<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u738b\u6653\u5fb7\u3002\u7f8e\u56fd\u5916\u4ea4\u7684\u5960\u57fa\u65f6\u4ee3 1776-1860 [M]. \u5317\u4eac\uff1a\u4e2d\u56fd\u793e\u4f1a\u79d1\u5b66\u51fa\u7248\u793e.2013<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u738b\u6653\u5fb7\u3002\u7f8e\u56fd\u6587\u5316\u4e0e\u5916\u4ea4 [M]. \u5317\u4eac\uff1a\u4e16\u754c\u77e5\u8bc6\u51fa\u7248\u793e.2000<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u738b\u7acb\u65b0\u3002\u8e0c\u8e87\u7684\u9738\u6743 \u7f8e\u56fd\u5d1b\u8d77\u540e\u7684\u8eab\u4efd\u56f0\u60d1\u4e0e\u79e9\u5e8f\u8ffd\u6c42 1913-1945 [M]. \u5317\u4eac\uff1a\u4e2d\u56fd\u793e\u4f1a\u79d1\u5b66\u51fa\u7248\u793e.2015<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u9676\u6587\u948a\u3002\u4e2d\u7f8e\u5173\u7cfb\u53f2 1911-1950 [M]. \u91cd\u5e86\uff1a\u91cd\u5e86\u51fa\u7248\u793e.1993<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u672c\u53c2\u8003\u4e66\u76ee\u4fe1\u606f\u7531\u963f\u86ee\uff08\u5fae\u4fe1xie190205\uff09\u641c\u96c6\u6574\u7406\u3002\u5982\u679c\u60a8\u770b\u5230\u8fd9\u6761\u4fe1\u606f\uff0c\u8868\u793a\u5bf9\u65b9\u672a\u7ecf\u5141\u8bb8\u5c31\u968f\u610f\u8f6c\u8f7d\uff0c\u5f88\u53ef\u803b\uff01<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u848b\u76f8\u6cfd\uff0c\u5434\u673a\u9e4f\u3002\u7b80\u660e\u4e2d\u7f8e\u5173\u7cfb\u53f2 [M]. \u5e7f\u5dde\uff1a\u4e2d\u5c71\u5927\u5b66\u51fa\u7248\u793e.1989<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u5f20\u5b8f\u6bc5\u3002\u610f\u8bc6\u5f62\u6001\u4e0e\u7f8e\u56fd\u5bf9\u82cf\u4fc4\u3001\u4e2d\u56fd\u7684\u653f\u7b56 [M]. \u5317\u4eac\uff1a\u4eba\u6c11\u51fa\u7248\u793e.2011<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u9648\u5955\u5e73\u3002\u4f9d\u8d56\u4e0e\u6297\u4e89 \u51b7\u6218\u540e\u4e1c\u76df\u56fd\u5bb6\u5bf9\u7f8e\u56fd\u6218\u7565\u7814\u7a76 [M]. \u5317\u4eac\uff1a\u4e16\u754c\u77e5\u8bc6\u51fa\u7248\u793e.2006<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u7406\u67e5\u5fb7\u30fb\u970d\u592b\u65af\u8fbe\u7279\uff0c\u4fde\u654f\u6d2a\uff0c\u5305\u51e1\u4e00\u3002\u6539\u9769\u65f6\u4ee3 &#8211; \u7f8e\u56fd\u7684\u65b0\u5d1b\u8d77 [M]. \u77f3\u5bb6\u5e84\uff1a\u6cb3\u5317\u4eba\u6c11\u51fa\u7248\u793e.1989<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u674e\u5251\u9e23\u3002\u5927\u8f6c\u6298\u7684\u5e74\u4ee3 \u7f8e\u56fd\u8fdb\u6b65\u4e3b\u4e49\u8fd0\u52a8\u7814\u7a76 [M]. \u5929\u6d25\uff1a\u5929\u6d25\u6559\u80b2\u51fa\u7248\u793e.1992<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u738b\u7ecd\u5149\u3002\u7f8e\u56fd\u8fdb\u6b65\u65f6\u4ee3\u7684\u542f\u793a [M]. \u5317\u4eac\uff1a\u4e2d\u56fd\u8d22\u653f\u7ecf\u6d4e\u51fa\u7248\u793e.2002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u738b\u6db5\u3002\u7f8e\u56fd\u8fdb\u6b65\u65f6\u4ee3\u7684\u653f\u5e9c\u6cbb\u7406 1890-1920 [M]. \u4e0a\u6d77\uff1a\u4e0a\u6d77\u793e\u4f1a\u79d1\u5b66\u9662\u51fa\u7248\u793e.2013<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u90d1\u6625\u751f\u3002\u62ef\u6551\u4e0e\u6279\u5224 \u9a6c\u5c14\u5e93\u585e\u4e0e\u516d\u5341\u5e74\u4ee3\u7f8e\u56fd\u5b66\u751f\u8fd0\u52a8 [M]. \u4e0a\u6d77\uff1a\u4e0a\u6d77\u4e09\u8054\u4e66\u5e97.2009<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u5468\u94a2\u3002\u7f8e\u56fd\u897f\u90e8\u725b\u4ed4\u7814\u7a76 [M]. \u5317\u4eac\uff1a\u4eba\u6c11\u51fa\u7248\u793e.2018<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u7ea6\u7ff0\u30fb\u9093\u6069\u3002\u6c11\u4e3b\u7684\u5386\u7a0b [M]. \u957f\u6625\uff1a\u5409\u6797\u4eba\u6c11\u51fa\u7248\u793e.2003<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u5e94\u514b\u590d\u3002\u897f\u65b9\u6c11\u4e3b\u53f2 [M]. \u5317\u4eac\uff1a\u4e2d\u56fd\u793e\u4f1a\u79d1\u5b66\u51fa\u7248\u793e.1997<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u732a\u53e3\u5b5d\uff0c\u7231\u5fb7\u534e\u30fb\u7ebd\u66fc\uff0c\u6797\u731b\u3002\u53d8\u52a8\u4e2d\u7684\u6c11\u4e3b [M]. \u957f\u6625\uff1a\u5409\u6797\u4eba\u6c11\u51fa\u7248\u793e.1999<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u67e5\u5c14\u65af\u30fb\u8482\u5229\uff0c\u8c22\u5cb3\u3002\u96c6\u4f53\u66b4\u529b\u7684\u653f\u6cbb [M]. \u4e0a\u6d77\uff1a\u4e0a\u6d77\u4eba\u6c11\u51fa\u7248\u793e.2011<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u6234\u7ef4\u30fb\u8d6b\u5c14\u5fb7\uff08D.Held\uff09, \u6768\u96ea\u51ac\u3002\u5168\u7403\u5927\u53d8\u9769 \u5168\u7403\u5316\u65f6\u4ee3\u7684\u653f\u6cbb\u3001\u7ecf\u6d4e\u4e0e\u6587\u5316 [M]. \u5317\u4eac\uff1a\u793e\u4f1a\u79d1\u5b66\u6587\u732e\u51fa\u7248\u793e.2001<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u4e2d\u56fd\u7f8e\u56fd\u53f2\u7814\u7a76\u4f1a\uff0c\u6c5f\u897f\u7f8e\u56fd\u53f2\u7814\u7a76\u4e2d\u5fc3\u3002\u5974\u5f79\u4e0e\u81ea\u7531\uff1a\u7f8e\u56fd\u7684\u6096\u8bba \u7f8e\u56fd\u5386\u53f2\u5b66\u5bb6\u7ec4\u7ec7\u4e3b\u5e2d\u6f14\u8bf4\u96c6 1961-1990 [M]. \u8d35\u9633\uff1a\u8d35\u5dde\u4eba\u6c11\u51fa\u7248\u793e.1993<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u590d\u65e6\u5927\u5b66\u7f8e\u56fd\u7814\u7a76\u4e2d\u5fc3\u56fd\u9645\u653f\u6cbb\u7cfb\u3002\u7f8e\u56fd\u7814\u7a76 [M]. \u4e0a\u6d77\uff1a\u590d\u65e6\u5927\u5b66\u51fa\u7248\u793e.1986<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u5218\u7eea\u8d3b\uff0c\u674e\u4e16\u6d1e\u3002\u7f8e\u56fd\u7814\u7a76\u8bcd\u5178 \u5218\u7eea\u8d3b\uff0c\u674e\u4e16\u6d1e\u4e3b\u7f16 [M]. \u5317\u4eac\uff1a\u4e2d\u56fd\u793e\u4f1a\u79d1\u5b66\u51fa\u7248\u793e.2002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u5b59\u54f2\u3002\u7f8e\u56fd\u5b66 \u4e2d\u56fd\u5bf9\u7f8e\u56fd\u653f\u6cbb\u5916\u4ea4\u7814\u7a76 1979-2006 [M]. \u4e0a\u6d77\uff1a\u4e0a\u6d77\u4eba\u6c11\u51fa\u7248\u793e.2008<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u502a\u5cf0\u3002\u56fd\u4f1a\u4e0e\u51b7\u6218\u540e\u7684\u7f8e\u56fd\u5b89\u5168\u653f\u7b56 [M]. \u5317\u4eac\uff1a\u4e2d\u56fd\u793e\u4f1a\u79d1\u5b66\u51fa\u7248\u793e.2004<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u8d75\u666f\u82b3\u3002\u7f8e\u56fd\u6218\u7565\u6587\u5316\u7814\u7a76 [M]. \u5317\u4eac\uff1a\u65f6\u4e8b\u51fa\u7248\u793e.2009<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u53f2\u5bc6\u65af\u3002\u6d77. \u6743\u529b\u6e38\u620f [M]. \u65f6\u62a5\u6587\u5316\u51fa\u7248\u516c\u53f8.1991<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u7f57\u4f2f\u7279\u30fb\u6c83\u68ee\uff08Robert P.Watson\uff09, \u5b89\u30fb\u6208\u767b\uff08Ann Gordon\uff09, \u9648\u6e58\u5b89\u3002\u5012\u8ba1\u65f6\uff1a\u7f8e\u56fd\u5973\u603b\u7edf [M]. \u5317\u4eac\uff1a\u65b0\u534e\u51fa\u7248\u793e.2004<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u7ea6\u7ff0\u30fb\u7f57\u5fb7\u54c8\u6885\u5c14\uff0c\u5434\u627f\u4e49\u3002\u534e\u76db\u987f\u6587\u96c6 [M]. \u6c88\u9633\uff1a\u8fbd\u5b81\u6559\u80b2\u51fa\u7248\u793e.2005<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u9ec4\u5b89\u5e74\u3002\u7f8e\u56fd\u793e\u4f1a\u7ecf\u6d4e\u53f2\u8bba [M]. \u592a\u539f\uff1a\u5c71\u897f\u6559\u80b2\u51fa\u7248\u793e.1993<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u672c\u53c2\u8003\u4e66\u76ee\u4fe1\u606f\u7531\u963f\u86ee\uff08\u5fae\u4fe1xie190205\uff09\u641c\u96c6\u6574\u7406\u3002\u5982\u679c\u60a8\u770b\u5230\u8fd9\u6761\u4fe1\u606f\uff0c\u8868\u793a\u5bf9\u65b9\u672a\u7ecf\u5141\u8bb8\u5c31\u968f\u610f\u8f6c\u8f7d\uff0c\u5f88\u53ef\u803b\uff01<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u67e5\u5c14\u65af\u30fb\u54c8\u73c0\uff0c\u8096\u6668\u9633\u3002\u73af\u5883\u4e0e\u793e\u4f1a \u73af\u5883\u95ee\u9898\u4e2d\u7684\u4eba\u6587\u89c6\u91ce [M]. \u5929\u6d25\uff1a\u5929\u6d25\u4eba\u6c11\u51fa\u7248\u793e.1998<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u7eb3\u4ec0\uff0c\u65af\u79d1\u7279\uff0c\u674e\u96ea\uff0c\u7b49\u3002\u5e03\u83b1\u514b\u7ef4\u5c14\u653f\u6cbb\u793e\u4f1a\u5b66\u6307\u5357 [M]. \u676d\u5dde\uff1a\u6d59\u6c5f\u4eba\u6c11\u51fa\u7248\u793e.2007<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>\u516d\u3001\u73af\u5883\u7814\u7a76<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u5ed6\u7ea2\uff0c\u514b\u91cc\u65af\u30fb\u90ce\u9769\uff08Christopher E. Langer\uff09. \u7f8e\u56fd\u73af\u5883\u7ba1\u7406\u7684\u5386\u53f2\u4e0e\u53d1\u5c55 [M]. \u5317\u4eac\uff1a\u4e2d\u56fd\u73af\u5883\u79d1\u5b66\u51fa\u7248\u793e.2006<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u4faf\u6587\u8559\u3002\u5f81\u670d\u7684\u633d\u6b4c \u7f8e\u56fd\u73af\u5883\u610f\u8bc6\u7684\u53d8\u8fc1 [M]. \u5317\u4eac\uff1a\u4e1c\u65b9\u51fa\u7248\u793e.1995<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u5a01\u5ec9\u30fbP\u30fb\u574e\u5b81\u5b89\uff08William P.Cunningham\uff09, \u5f20\u5764\u6c11\u3002\u7f8e\u56fd\u73af\u5883\u767e\u79d1\u5168\u4e66 [M]. \u957f\u6c99\uff1a\u6e56\u5357\u79d1\u5b66\u6280\u672f\u51fa\u7248\u793e.2003<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u8a79\u59c6\u65af\u30fb\u53e4\u65af\u5854\u592b\u30fb\u53f2\u4f2f\u65af\uff08James Gustave Speth\uff09, \u674e\u71d5\u59dd\uff0c\u6c88\u7d20\u82b9\uff0c\u7b49\u3002\u671d\u971e\u4f3c\u706b \u7f8e\u56fd\u4e0e\u5168\u7403\u73af\u5883\u5371\u673a &#8211; \u516c\u6c11\u7684\u884c\u52a8\u8bae\u7a0b [M]. \u5317\u4eac\uff1a\u4e2d\u56fd\u793e\u4f1a\u79d1\u5b66\u51fa\u7248\u793e.2007<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u5218\u5411\u9633\uff0c\u6885\u96ea\u82b9\u3002\u6e05\u6d01\u7a7a\u6c14\u7684\u535a\u5f08 \u73af\u5883\u653f\u6cbb\u53f2\u89c6\u89d2\u4e0b 20 \u4e16\u7eaa\u7f8e\u56fd\u7684\u7a7a\u6c14\u6c61\u67d3\u6cbb\u7406 [M]. \u5317\u4eac\uff1a\u4e2d\u56fd\u73af\u5883\u79d1\u5b66\u51fa\u7248\u793e.2014<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u6234\u7ef4\u65af\uff08Davis\uff0cD.\uff09, \u5434\u6653\u4e1c\uff0c\u7fc1\u745e\u3002\u6d53\u70df\u4f3c\u6c34 \u73af\u5883\u6c61\u67d3\u4e0e\u73af\u4fdd\u6597\u4e89 [M]. \u5317\u4eac\uff1a\u6e05\u534e\u5927\u5b66\u51fa\u7248\u793e.2006<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u4ed8\u6210\u53cc\u3002\u7f8e\u56fd\u73b0\u4ee3\u5316\u4e2d\u7684\u73af\u5883\u95ee\u9898\u7814\u7a76 [M]. \u5317\u4eac\uff1a\u9ad8\u7b49\u6559\u80b2\u51fa\u7248\u793e.2018<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>\u4e03\u3001\u6559\u80b2\u7814\u7a76<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u6ed5\u5927\u6625\u3002\u7f8e\u56fd\u6559\u80b2\u53f2 \u7b2c 2 \u7248 [M]. \u5317\u4eac\uff1a\u4eba\u6c11\u6559\u80b2\u51fa\u7248\u793e.2001<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u6ed5\u5927\u6625\u3002\u4eca\u65e5\u7f8e\u56fd\u6559\u80b2 [M]. \u5317\u4eac\uff1a\u4eba\u6c11\u6559\u80b2\u51fa\u7248\u793e.1980<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u738b\u82f1\u6770\u3002\u7f8e\u56fd\u9ad8\u7b49\u6559\u80b2\u7684\u53d1\u5c55\u4e0e\u6539\u9769 [M]. \u5317\u4eac\uff1a\u4eba\u6c11\u6559\u80b2\u51fa\u7248\u793e.1993<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u9648\u5982\u5e73\u3002\u6548\u7387\u4e0e\u6c11\u4e3b \u7f8e\u56fd\u73b0\u4ee3\u6559\u80b2\u7ba1\u7406\u601d\u60f3\u7814\u7a76 [M]. \u5317\u4eac\uff1a\u6559\u80b2\u79d1\u5b66\u51fa\u7248\u793e.2004<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u675c\u5a01\uff0c\u6731\u7ecf\u519c\uff0c\u6f58\u6893\u5e74\u3002\u660e\u65e5\u4e4b\u5b66\u6821 [M]. \u5317\u4eac\uff1a\u5546\u52a1\u5370\u4e66\u9986\u3002\u6c11\u56fd 16<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u59dc\u671d\u6656\u3002\u7f8e\u56fd\u5927\u5b66\u6821\u957f\u804c\u4e1a\u53d8\u8fc1\u7814\u7a76 [M]. \u90d1\u5dde\uff1a\u6cb3\u5357\u4eba\u6c11\u51fa\u7248\u793e.2017<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u5f20\u4e3d\u3002\u4f2f\u987f\u30fb\u514b\u62c9\u514b\u7684\u9ad8\u7b49\u6559\u80b2\u601d\u60f3\u7814\u7a76 [M]. \u6b66\u6c49\uff1a\u534e\u4e2d\u5e08\u8303\u5927\u5b66\u51fa\u7248\u793e.2008<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u674e\u7231\u840d\u3002\u7f8e\u56fd\u56fd\u9645\u6559\u80b2\uff1a\u5386\u53f2\u3001\u7406\u8bba\u4e0e\u653f\u7b56 [M]. \u6606\u660e\uff1a\u4e91\u5357\u5927\u5b66\u51fa\u7248\u793e.2005<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u5510\u6c49\u536b\u3002\u73b0\u4ee3\u7f8e\u56fd\u9053\u5fb7\u6559\u80b2\u7814\u7a76 [M]. \u6d4e\u5357\uff1a\u5c71\u4e1c\u4eba\u6c11\u51fa\u7248\u793e.2010<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u9648\u5e73\u3002\u7f8e\u56fd\u9053\u5fb7\u6559\u80b2\u53d1\u5c55\u7814\u7a76 [M]. \u5357\u4eac\uff1a\u5357\u4eac\u5927\u5b66\u51fa\u7248\u793e.2011<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u672c\u53c2\u8003\u4e66\u76ee\u4fe1\u606f\u7531\u963f\u86ee\uff08\u5fae\u4fe1xie190205\uff09\u641c\u96c6\u6574\u7406\u3002\u5982\u679c\u60a8\u770b\u5230\u8fd9\u6761\u4fe1\u606f\uff0c\u8868\u793a\u5bf9\u65b9\u672a\u7ecf\u5141\u8bb8\u5c31\u968f\u610f\u8f6c\u8f7d\uff0c\u5f88\u53ef\u803b\uff01<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>\u516b\u3001\u57ce\u5e02\u7814\u7a76<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u738b\u65ed\u3002\u7f8e\u56fd\u57ce\u5e02\u53f2 [M]. \u5317\u4eac\uff1a\u4e2d\u56fd\u793e\u4f1a\u79d1\u5b66\u51fa\u7248\u793e.2000<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u738b\u65ed\u3002\u7f8e\u56fd\u57ce\u5e02\u53d1\u5c55\u6a21\u5f0f\uff1a\u4ece\u57ce\u5e02\u5316\u5230\u5927\u90fd\u5e02\u533a\u5316 [M]. \u5317\u4eac\uff1a\u6e05\u534e\u5927\u5b66\u51fa\u7248\u793e.2006<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u5b59\u7fa4\u90ce\u3002\u7f8e\u56fd\u57ce\u5e02\u90ca\u533a\u5316\u7814\u7a76 [M]. \u5317\u4eac\uff1a\u5546\u52a1\u5370\u4e66\u9986.2005<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>\u4e5d\u3001\u4f20\u5a92\u7814\u7a76<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u8f9c\u6653\u8fdb\u3002\u7f8e\u56fd\u4f20\u5a92\u4f53\u5236 [M]. \u5e7f\u5dde\uff1a\u5357\u65b9\u65e5\u62a5\u51fa\u7248\u793e.2006<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u674e\u7389\u6d01\u3002\u7f8e\u56fd\u65b0\u95fb\u89c2\u5ff5\u53f2\u7814\u7a76 [M]. \u71d5\u5c71\u5927\u5b66\u51fa\u7248\u793e.2015<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>\u5341\u3001\u519b\u4e8b\u4e0e\u6218\u7565\u7814\u7a76<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u623f\u5e7f\u987a\u3002\u7f8e\u56fd\u8336\u515a\u7814\u7a76 [M]. \u5317\u4eac\uff1a\u4e2d\u56fd\u793e\u4f1a\u79d1\u5b66\u51fa\u7248\u793e.2016<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u5415\u78ca\u3002\u7f8e\u56fd\u7684\u65b0\u4fdd\u5b88\u4e3b\u4e49 [M]. \u5357\u4eac\uff1a\u6c5f\u82cf\u4eba\u6c11\u51fa\u7248\u793e.2004<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u7ea6\u745f\u592b\u30fbS. \u5948\uff08Joseph S.Nye\uff09, \u90d1\u5fd7\u56fd\u3002\u7f8e\u56fd\u9738\u6743\u7684\u56f0\u60d1 \u4e3a\u4ec0\u4e48\u7f8e\u56fd\u4e0d\u80fd\u72ec\u65ad\u4e13\u884c [M]. \u5317\u4eac\uff1a\u4e16\u754c\u77e5\u8bc6\u51fa\u7248\u793e.2002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u695a\u6811\u9f99\uff0c\u5415\u5176\u660c\u3002\u8de8\u4e16\u7eaa\u7684\u7f8e\u56fd [M]. \u5317\u4eac\uff1a\u65f6\u4e8b\u51fa\u7248\u793e.1997<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>\u4e00\u3001\u653f\u6cbb\u4e0e\u6cd5\u5f8b\u7814\u7a76 \u6c49\u5bc6\u5c14\u987f\uff0c\u6770\u4f0a\uff0c\u9ea6\u8fea&#8230;<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[1],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-29828","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-1","wpcat-1-id"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.3 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>\u7f8e\u56fd\u53f2\u7814\u7a76\u76f8\u5173\u8d44\u6599 - 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